LESSION 2: CLASSIFICATION OF SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS

Solar power systems are classified into three main types based on their connection method and usage purpose: on-grid systems, off-grid systems, and hybrid systems. Each type has its own structure and working principle suited to specific needs.

1. On-grid System

📌Characteristics:

- Directly connected to the national power grid.

- During sunlight hours, solar energy is used to power household loads.

- Any excess electricity is fed back into the grid and may be credited or sold.

✅ Advantages:

- No need for battery storage → lower cost.

- High efficiency when properly designed.

⚠️ Limitations:

- The system shuts down when the grid is down (for safety reasons).

📊 Basic Diagram:

2. Off-grid System

📌 Characteristics:

- Not connected to the power grid.

- Uses batteries to store electricity for later use.

✅ Advantages:

- Ideal for remote or rural areas without grid access.

- Full independence from external power supply.

⚠️ Limitations:

- High upfront costs due to battery storage.

- Requires careful power calculation to avoid shortages.

3. Hybrid System

📌 Characteristics:

- Combines both on-grid and off-grid features.

- Can draw power from solar panels, batteries, and the grid.

✅ Advantages:

- Flexible and reliable, even during power outages.

- Prioritizes renewable energy usage, reducing utility costs.

⚠️ Limitations:

- Higher investment cost due to batteries and hybrid inverter.

📊 Basic Diagram: